| Akatek | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acateco | ||||
| Spoken in | Guatemala Mexico |
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| Region | Huehuetenango Chiapas |
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| Ethnicity | Akatek | |||
| Native speakers | 60,000 (1991–1998) | |||
| Language family |
Mayan
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| Language codes | ||||
| ISO 639-3 | knj | |||
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Akatek is a Mayan language spoken by the Akatek people primarily in the Huehuetenango Department, Guatemala in and around the municipalities of Concepción Huista, Nentón, San Miguel Acatán, San Rafael La Independencia and San Sebastián Coatán.[1] A number of speakers also live in Chiapas, Mexico. It is a living language with 58,600 speakers as of 1998, of which 48,500 lived in Guatemala and the remaining in Mexico.[2]
Akatek is closely related to the two Mayan languages, Q'anjob'al and Jakaltek. The three languages together form the Q'anjob'al-Jakaltek sub-branch, which together with the Mocho' language form the Q'anjob'alan sub-branch, which again, together with the Chujean languages, Chuj and Tojolab'al, form the branch Q'anjobalan–Chujean. It is believed that Q'anjob'al–Jakaltek split into Akatek, Q'anjob'al and Jakaltek some 500 to 1,500 years ago.
Akatek was regarded as a dialect of the Q'anjob'al language until the 1970s, when linguists realized that it has a distinct grammar from that of Q'anjob'al.[3] That it has been thought a dialect of Q'anjob'al is reflected in the many names Akatek has had through time. One of its primary names before it was named Akatek, was Western Q'anjob'al, but it has also been called Conob, and various names including Q'anjob'al and the municiplaity where it is spoken.
An interesting aspect of Akatek grammar, which is also present in most other Q'anjobalan languages, is the use of directional morphemes, which appear as enclitics. These morphemes make it possible for the speaker to talk about movement and direction in space without pointing or using other gestures. Consider the stative verb [ʔej] to be, which can appear as [ʔejʔok] existing inwards, [ʔejtok] existing towards there, away from the speaker and listener and [ʔeːltox] exisiting from the inside out, using different enclitics.
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Akatek has 5 vowels:
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | |
| Close | i | u |
| Close-mid | e | o |
| Open | a |
Vowel length is distinctive, so one can say that the total number of vowels is 10.
Akatek has 24 consonants, including the glottal stop:
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | Normal | p | t | k | ʔ | |||||
| Ejective | tʼ | kʼ | qʼ | |||||||
| Implosive | ɓ | |||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||||
| Fricative | β̞ | s | ʃ | ʂ | x | |||||
| Affricate | Normal | t͡s | t͡ʃ | ʈ͡ʂ | ||||||
| Ejective | t͡sʼ | t͡ʃʼ | ʈ͡ʂʼ | |||||||
| Tap | ɾ | |||||||||
| Approximant | l | j | ||||||||
/p/ is realized as [pʰ] word-finally, [p] everywhere else.
/k/ is realized as [kʰ] word-finally, [k] everywhere else.
/t/ is realized as [tʰ] before plosive consonants, [t] everywhere else.
/ɓ/ is realized as [ɓ̥] word-finally, [ɓ] everywhere else.
/x/ is realized as [h] word-initially, [x] everywhere else.
/n/ is realized as [m] before /p/ and /ɓ/, but [ŋ] before alveolar and velar consonants, [n] everywhere else.
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